In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at temperatures below the Charpy impact transition temperature. Steel cleanliness and ________ have a significant influence on toughness and resistance to brittle fracture.
Vibration-induced fatigue can be eliminated or reduced through _________ and the use of supports and vibration dampening equipment. Material upgrades are not usually a solution.
It is generally accepted that stresses approaching _________ are required for SCC to occur so that thermal stress relief is effective in preventing caustic SCC.
At high temperatures, metal components can slowly and continuously deform under load below the yield strength. This time dependent deformation of stressed components is known as _______?
Start-up and shutdown of equipment increase the susceptibility of thermal fatigue. There is no set limit on temperature swings; however, as a practical rule, cracking may be suspected if the temperature swing exceeds about _________.
At elevated temperature, the carbide phases in certain carbon steels are unstable and may decompose into _______. This decomposition is known as graphitization.
Amine units are used in refineries to remove H(2)S, CO(2) and _________ from process streams originating in many units including the coker, crude, FCC and hydrogen.
Corrosion by HF (Hydrofluoric) acid can result in high rates of general or localized corrosion and may be accompanied by hydrogen cracking, blistering and ________.
